What metaphor does Isaiah use for Israel's unfaithfulness?

Isaiah uses the metaphor of a stubborn donkey that disregards its master to express Israel's unfaithfulness. This imagery highlights an important aspect of human behavior—stubbornness and willfulness—particularly when it comes to a lack of obedience and recognition of rightful authority. The donkey, often seen as a creature that should follow the direction of its owner, symbolizes the Israelites' refusal to heed God's guidance and commandments, despite His paternal role as their protector and provider. This metaphor emphasizes the idea that, like the stubborn animal, the people have chosen to ignore the wisdom and commands bestowed upon them, leading to their spiritual decline and relational estrangement from God.

The other choices do present valid metaphors relevant to themes found in Scripture, but they represent differing aspects of Israel's relationship with God or reflect consequences of their actions. The vine bearing bitter fruit can signify the results of disobedience, while a flock of lost sheep highlights the need for guidance and care from a shepherd, and a barren tree symbolizes unfruitfulness. However, it is the stubborn donkey metaphor that most directly addresses the willfulness and intentional disregard observed in Israel's unfaithful relationship with God.